Urinary Sugar in Type 2 Diabetes

 

In healthy people, the norm of sugar in urine should be up to 2.8 mmol. If its amount increases and the indicators are more than 3%, it indicates a violation in the work of the renal tubules.

 This means that glucose remains in the urine, so it is important to know how to lower sugar in body fluids.

The name of such a condition when glucose is detected in the urine is glucosuria. You can determine its presence at home, using test strips, or in a laboratory.

 However, to make an accurate diagnosis and determine the reasons for the increase in urine glucose, it is necessary to undergo a urine sugar analysis.

But why can blood and urine glucose levels rise? What are the symptoms of this condition and how can the indicators be normalized?

Causes and symptoms

To find out why urine sugar has increased, it is important to understand what a kidney threshold is. Glucosuria is detected when it rises. Normally, in healthy adults, the renal threshold does not exceed 10 mmol / L, in children, - 12.65 mmol / L, and in the elderly, its indicators are lowered.

In kidney disease, characterized by damage to the tubules, which return blood sugar from the primary urine, the kidney threshold is reduced. This is the reason children have sugar in their urine.

With diabetes (kidney), the amount of sugar in the blood can remain normal or decrease, but there is a lot of it in the urine. In medicine, this condition is called glucosuria.

 It can occur when the sugar content in the urine is too high and if the blood sugar threshold is not exceeded, even in the background of the development of hypoglycemia.

Type I diabetes is the leading cause of increased urine glucose. Symptoms of the development of the disease - high concentration of glucose in the urine and reduced amount of sugar in the blood.

Glucose enters the bloodstream through the tubules of the kidney through the phosphate effect of the enzyme hexokinase on it. In type 1 diabetes, the enzyme activates the hormone insulin, and the patient has a lower kidney threshold. 

In patients, sclerotic processes in the kidneys are intensified, sugar in the urine is not detected, and a blood test shows the presence of hyperglycemia.

But often, the reason why high sugar levels in the urine occur is temporary physiological glucosuria. There are 3 types of conditions:

• Food. It is characterized by an individual increase in sugar in the urine, for example, after the abuse of carbohydrate foods.
• Pathological. Urine sugar rises when its blood levels are too high.
• Emotional glucosuria occurs due to strong feelings and stress.

If sugar is present in the urine, the causes of this condition can be the presence of severe violations in the work of the kidneys, Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, encephalitis, pancreatitis, kidney inflammation, epilepsy, and brain disorders. Other factors that affect urine sugar include traumatic brain injury, nervous system irritation, Girke’s disease, and fever.

Sometimes glucosuria develops when it is poisoned by chemicals (chloroform, morphine, and phosphorus). Other triggering factors are muscle strain, use of sedatives and analgesics, carbohydrate abuse, and hormone treatment.

Why does a child's sugar rise? If there is sugar in the urine, the norm in children should not exceed 2.8 mmol / l. When a child develops glucose in the urine after a meal that contains fast carbohydrates, this indicator says that parents need to change the rules of baby food and remove unhealthy foods from the diet. 

However, in children, the appearance of sugar in the urine, as well as in adults, can be caused by various diseases (diabetes, brain pathology, encephalitis).

How does glucosuria manifest itself? Its symptoms most often occur in type 1 diabetes. They are accompanied by a rise in blood glucose, a condition known as glycemia.

Clinical picture characteristic of glucosuria and hyperglycemia:

• fatigue;
• excessive weight gain or loss;
• dry mouth
• frequent infectious diseases of the urinary system;
• thirst;
• low physical activity.

If measures to reduce sugar in diabetics are not taken in time, then the course of the disease will become complicated. In addition to the advanced form of the disease, a urine sugar test shows the presence of ketone bodies (acetone).

Symptoms of severe chronic hyperglycemia - polyuria and impaired consciousness.

How do I detect glucosuria at home?

Are there methods to quickly detect glucosuria in the absence of clinical conditions? Using test strips, the presence of sugar in the urine may be detected independently.

The measurement is based on the glucoside oxidase method. The reactive composition of the indicator contains the enzymes peroxidase and glucoside oxidase.

Test strips are made in three types of indicator strips (25, 50, and 100). The number 50 is the most suitable, and the number of strips in it is enough for 30 days.

The test strip is a ready-to-use reagent applied to a plastic substrate. When a reaction occurs, the yellow indicator, located 1 mm from the edge, is colored a certain color. 

The results are interpreted as follows: if there is no glucose in the urine, this indicates that the answer is no, and the color of the test strip remains unchanged.

What does the indication signify when the bar's color changes from green to dark blue? This indicates a positive result. The highest concentration of glucose in urine determined by test strips is 112 mol / l.

For the analysis of urine for sugar to be reliable, it is important to know how to use the test strips correctly:

• For research, it is recommended to take 30 ml of the morning urine, collected no more than 2 hours before the analysis. If the liquid is stored longer, there is no point in taking it to the lab, as the results will be unreliable.
• All hygienic procedures must be carried out before the fence.
• The test strip extracted from the tube needs to be utilized for 60 minutes.
• The indicators must not be touched.
• The strip was immersed in a urine tube for 2 seconds and then placed on a clean, flat surface.
• The results will be known 1-2 minutes after the test, and for their interpretation, the color obtained is compared with a table placed on a pencil.

Clinical trials that determine urine sugar, their interpretation

There are two main types of urine collection for the subsequent detection of sugar in it - in the morning and during the day. The most informative is the daily study.

The urine collection algorithm is not complicated. During the day, the liquid is collected in a large container. The first morning, urine flushes. The bioametharyl is collected and kept in a refrigerator at a temperature of up to 8 degrees.

After one day the liquid in the jar is mixed and poured into a small vessel with a volume of 100-200 ml. For a urine sugar test to give reliable results, it is important to know how to properly donate and collect biometrics.

Liquid collection tanks must be dry and clean. Urine intended for general research is allowed to be stored for up to 1.5 hours. The tank lists parameters such as weight, height, and the amount of urine assigned per day in milliliters.

If the doctor on duty ordered the collection of urine for sugar collected in the morning, then the algorithm for collection is as follows: 30-40 ml of fluid collected in the morning is collected in a small container. The biomaterial is taken to the laboratory no later than 6 hours after collection.

In healthy people, diuresis is 1200-1500 ml per day. If the amount is exceeded - polyuria is diagnosed.

What does that mean? When the analysis shows an excess of urine, additional studies are performed. The occurrence of water overload is typical for people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

If the patient's health is normal, his urine is straw yellow. With saturated shade, additional tests are performed to discover the cause of water retention in the tissues. Urine with a normal sugar index (up to 0.02%) must not contain acetone, phosphates, or other substances.

In type 2 diabetes or its insulin-dependent form, the kidneys are often affected. Therefore, creatinine is additionally measured in patients.

 The substance is the end product of the vital activity of the body obtained during biochemical reactions associated with energy processes ..

Creatinine is an important sign that reflects the level of work of the kidneys, liver, and other systems and organs. The concentration of the substance was determined by a biochemical blood test and a urine sugar test.

The rules for collecting urine are similar to those described above. The test results show the level of the substance and the amount of creatinine excreted in 24 hours.

Creatinine is determined by gender and age. The daily norm of a substance in men in the urine is up to 2000 mg or up to 17.7 mmol per liter, in women - 600-1800 mg or 5.3-15.9 mmol / l.

Usual creatinine in urine per 1 kg of body weight, depending on age:

• 1-4 days are calculated individually according to a special formula;
• up to one year - 71-177 micromoles;
• 1-14 years - 71-194 mmol;
• Under 18 - 71-265 micromoles.

Urinary sugar in diabetes, like creatinine, does not always increase. However, if the result of the analysis is positive, it indicates kidney damage. 

This complication may be called diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, it is important to know how to lower urine sugar, which will help reduce the amount of creatinine and, therefore, stop the progression of nephropathy.

How to remove sugar from urine?

High blood and urine glucose levels are dangerous for the development of many complications. Therefore, those diagnosed with glucosuria must know about the methods used to remove sugar from biological fluids.

How to get rid of sugar in the urine? Proper nutrition helps to lower urine sugar. It is necessary to remove from the diet foods full of fast carbohydrates, fried, spicy, and fatty foods.

 It is recommended to include in the daily menu products that remove sugar from the body - vegetables, sour fruits, cereals, greens, dietary types of meat, and fish.

Those with increased urine sugar should completely give up alcohol, sugary drinks, juices, and addictions. How to lower my urine sugar with exercise? Sport is very useful for diabetics, because it normalizes metabolic processes, and is also able to reduce weight.

Even sugar in the urine is excreted by hypoglycemic drugs and insulin. The choice of antidiabetic drugs is quite extensive, so if sugar is detected in the urine, only a doctor can prescribe treatment.

How to quickly reduce blood sugar with folk remedies? To make a person with glucosuria and hyperglycemia feel better, use alternative medicine prescriptions that lower glucose levels in the body.

If traces of sugar in the urine have been identified, use:

1. cinnamon
2. herbal decoctions (nettle, dandelion, stevia);
3. blueberries;
4. oat seeds.

Urine sugar - what is it, norms for the analysis of urine for sugar

Causes of urine sugar

Increasing the density of urine is dangerous, and the condition requires consultation with a doctor.

• He will talk about possible reasons.
• Urinary sugar in type 2 diabetes.
• Diabetic glucosuria in type 1 diabetes.
• Insulin deficiency.
• Hormonal dysfunction, or lack thereof,.
• Temporary increase due to high dietary sugar levels.
• Physiological glucosuria. In pregnant women, the concentration increases due to increased metabolism, and changes in hormonal levels.
• Emotional overload is caused by stress and depression.
• Drug use (cortisol), poisoning by poisons (phosphorus).

Glucosuria

Glucosuria is a condition caused by kidney damage. They have mechanisms that filter primary urine. After this process, the trace elements necessary for life are delayed in the body, and the rest is excreted in the urine. Protein can appear in the urine. And normal parameters remain in the blood.

• Renal impairment causes glucosuria:
• violation of filtration and reabsorption (glomerulonephritis);
• inflammation of the kidney tissue (nephritis nephrosis);
• congenital injuries and organ abnormalities;
• renal failure.

Diabetes

Diabetes stands out as the primary culprit behind elevated sugar levels in urine. Type 1 diabetes manifests when the body fails to excrete glucose adequately.

Conversely, type 2 diabetes features typical blood carbohydrate levels, yet cellular receptors lack sensitivity to it. Consequently, surplus glucose is expelled from the body, leading to elevated blood sugar and urinary sugar levels in affected individuals.

Other diseases

Diseases that lead to glucosuria, as well as the detection of sugar in the urine:

1. Inflammation of the pancreas, in which insulin (a hormone secreted by the gland) is reduced so that it cannot deliver glucose to the cells.
2. Nerve tissue and brain damage. Glucosuria causes prolonged hypoxia (oxygen starvation), traumatic brain injury, cancer, and cerebral edema.
3. Endocrine dysfunction: Itsenko-Cushing's disease, hormone secretion, pheochromocytoma.

Preparation for urine sugar test

Preparation for urine sugar analysis is necessary for the laboratory assistant to perform the test properly. After that, the doctor on duty will be able to decipher the result of the urine analysis, say what the numbers on the urine analysis mean, and make a diagnosis when the indicators deviate from the norm. You can learn from him how to properly collect urine.

Rules for collecting urine for sugar:

1. A few days before testing, you need to adhere to a diet. Do not eat food that stains urine. Do not eat foods that will increase the rate.
2. Give up all medications for a week before taking a urine sugar test. If this is not possible due to medical conditions, tell your doctor about the medicines used.
3. If the analysis is given only once in the morning, you should not eat in front of it. Last meal - at least 8 hours before testing. If a person passes a daily urine test, you can eat in the afternoon.
4. A normal drinking regime was observed.
5. The fluid is collected in a sterile container. The use of household cans is not acceptable, they contain foreign microorganisms and their metabolic products, which will affect the test result. Therefore, it is better to ask the laboratory assistant in advance how to collect urine for analysis.
6. If urine is collected daily, the nurse must issue special containers that have been previously treated with disinfectant.

Urine sugar levels

In healthy people, sugar in the urine should not occur, but due to physiological factors, its value is acceptable.

The urinary sugar level in women and men should be equal to 0.06-0.08 mmol / l.

If the value is higher than normal, the test is repeated, because the result is false positive, which violates the rules for passing the study.

If you look at the table of age norms for men and women, the indicators increase the same, according to the senile age, the maximum value of glucose increases.

Important! If the signs have exceeded the norm, you should visit a doctor promptly and undertake further tests. Diabetes mellitus detected in time can be corrected, and a person, with the help of medication, will be able to live with the disease all his life.

Symptoms of abnormal urine sugar

In the early stages, the causes of glucosuria have similar symptoms. The following signs of pathology are distinguished:

• Weakness (weakness, fatigue without physical exertion);
• The constant onset of hunger, even after meals;
• Thirst;
• Neuralgia (dizziness, bifurcation in the eyes);
• Muscle pain and weakness;
• Increased sweating;
• Symptoms of cardiovascular disease (arrhythmia, tachycardia);
• Increased sweating from skin surfaces;
• Violation of the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhea, bloating).

If these symptoms occur, consult a doctor or endocrinologist. They will write you a blood test for sugar and a urine test for sugar.

Laboratories use test strip techniques to determine urine sugar levels. If the diagnosis of renal glucosuria or diabetes is confirmed, you can buy indicator strips for home use. 

They apply to both blood and urine. To use the method, one indicator is lowered into a urine container or dripping blood, and an automatic analyzer calculates the sugar content in the urine or blood and displays it on the screen.

Bringing sugar in urine to normal

To know how to lower your urine sugar, you need to visit a doctor, who will tell you what to do when the disease is detected. Self-medication is not allowed.

It will lead to complications of the disease. Glucosuria itself is not treatable, but it is possible to treat the reason why it happened. To eliminate sugar in the urine, you need to follow a diet. 

With renal glucosuria, it is necessary to eat foods rich in trace elements, because impaired renal function leads to the removal of beneficial substances from the body.

Drug therapy is the use of insulin for diabetes and the use of drugs that support kidney function.

With a timely visit to a specialist, accurate diagnosis, and proper treatment, the prognosis of the disease is favorable. By following a proper low-sugar diet, the patient will be able to live a life with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and renal glucosuria without complications. It is important to determine sugar properly and control the condition.

Urinary glucose in diabetes mellitus: causes and causes of elevated levels

Glucose enters the human body through food and water. It passes through the renal filtration system and enters the urine in small concentrations. 

If metabolic disorders occur in the human body, the sugar in the urine increases or decreases. The first condition is the most dangerous because it can involve the appearance of diabetes (DM).

Read  causes of frequent urination in diabetes