What Tests Should Be Taken to Diagnose Diabetes
There are two types of disease - insulin-dependent, and insulin-independent. These conditions are different, have different mechanisms of formation and provocation, and at the same time combine into one sign - hyperglycemia (high glucose in the circulatory system). It is easy to recognize the disease. The patient is examined and given diabetes to confirm or refute the diagnosis.
Signs of diabetes
The initial manifestations of diabetes will be sudden, with type 1 pathology, so that they are formed over a longer period - with type 2 diabetes.
The first form of the disease often develops in young people.
- Intense thirst.
- Frequent urination for urination.
- Weakness.
- Dizziness.
- Weight loss.
At risk are children whose parents have diabetes, or who have had viral infections, when a child weighing more than 4.5 kg is born, there are metabolic diseases and low immunity.
Such children with symptoms of thirst and weight loss have diabetes and serious damage to the pancreas, so there are early signs of the disease, which are worth paying attention to.
- I want a lot of sweets.
- Breaks between meals are hard to bear, the patient complains of headaches and hunger.
- After 1-2 hours, weakness develops in the body.
- Skin pathologies are manifested by acne, dryness, and neurodermatitis.
- Reduced vision.
When type 2 develops, the symptoms appear after a long time, with an increase in sugar. This form is observed in women under the age of 45, especially if the person is inactive, or overweight. In this situation, even if there are no signs of disease, do a sugar test.
An urgent diabetes test is needed if:
- dry in the oral cavity, thirsty;
- there is a rash on the body;
- the skin is dry and itchy;
- tingling, stiff fingers;
- itching in the perineum;
- clarity of vision is lost;
- infectious pathologies often develop;
- fatigue, weakness prevails;
- really hungry;
- frequent urination, especially in the middle of the night;
- wounds, cuts heal poorly, ulcerative focus;
- weight gain that is not associated with a change in diet;
- waist circumference for men is 102 cm and for women 88 cm.
These signs develop in the case of stress, previous pancreatic disease, and viral pathologies.
A blood sugar test is a simple but not an accurate method. The normal concentration of sugar is 3.3-5.5 mmol / L. If the level is higher than necessary, then you need to donate blood again and consult an endocrinologist.
Morning urine - sugar in healthy people will be absent, and in diabetics, it is a common occurrence.
Daily indicator - shows the release of glucose in the urine per day. A more informative way, as it allows you to accurately identify the pathology and severity of the course. Collecting material during the day, except urine in the morning.
What other diabetes tests do you have? This is a test for tolerance to sugar, to glycohemoglobin.
Initially, a general blood test is performed for diabetes mellitus. Take the analysis from your finger. Diagnosis reflects the coefficient of qualitative values of the material and the volume of sugar.
Biochemistry is then performed to identify pathologists in the kidneys, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas. In addition, a blood test for diabetes is tested to determine lipids, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism.
In addition to general and biochemical analysis, other studies that detect diabetes are taken. Blood is often taken in the morning on an empty stomach, so the study will show an accurate result.
A general blood test for the disease will show such violations:
- high hemoglobin - indicates dehydration;
- violation of platelet volume on the side of thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis indicates the presence of concomitant diseases;
- leukocytosis - the value of the pathological course;
- hematocrit change.
A general blood test for diabetes is recommended to be taken once a year. If there are complications, then the material is taken 1-2 times every six months.
The biochemistry of the material enables the calculation of the coefficient of sugar in the venous blood. If the disease is present, an increased rate of 7 mmol / L is observed. The study is performed once a year, regardless of the patient's daily sugar regulation.
When therapy is carried out, doctors are interested in such indicators of biochemical analysis:
- cholesterol - often with diabetes, the indicator increases;
- Peptide - in type 1 diabetes the coefficient is reduced or equal to 0;
- fructose - increases sharply;
- triglycerides - increase rapidly;
- protein metabolism - below normal;
- sugar - with 1 form low, and type 2 diabetes is normal or slightly overestimated.
Glucose tolerance test
This blood test for diabetes mellitus is performed if the patient has damaged glycemia on an empty stomach or there are risk factors for the disease and the diagnosis must be confirmed.
For diagnosis, you must donate blood on an empty stomach and do not eat 8-14 hours before the test. 3 days before the analysis there are no special restrictions on the diet, nor the use of funds, otherwise, the result will be false.
During blood donation, it is advised not to increase physical activity, you can not smoke.
Evaluate 2 indicators - before and after a 2-hour intake of 75 grams of dissolved sugar, the material is taken 2 times. In the first case, the norm is 6.1 mmol / L, and in the second - 7.8 mmol / L. If the 2nd value is present in the range of 7.8-11.1 mmol / L, it indicates the presence of another form of the disease, impaired sugar tolerance. When the 2nd value is greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol / L, it indicates the presence of disease.
Glycated hemoglobin
Blood is donated on an empty stomach. A significant level to be diagnosed is the coefficient of glycated hemoglobin - 6.5% or more. 7% indicate type 1 diabetes and more than 7% indicate type 2 diabetes.
The norm of a healthy person does not exceed 6%. If the coefficient is slightly overestimated, then it is worth passing the sugar tolerance test.
With certain blood pathologies, including anemia, the analysis of diabetes for glycated hemoglobin gives distortion.
Urine is a biological fluid that removes toxic compounds, salts, cellular elements, and complex organic structures from the body. The study of quantitative and qualitative values will allow you to calculate the position of internal organs and systems.
A general urine test is the basis for the diagnosis of pathology. Based on the results, doctors prescribe additional diagnostic methods. There is normally no sugar or it will be in the minimum amount.
The allowable value is 0.8 mmol / L. If the examination for diabetes showed better results, it indicates the disease. The presence of glucose above normal levels is usually called glucosuria.
Collect morning urine by thoroughly rinsing your genitals. Some urine is excreted in the toilet and the middle part in the analysis tank, the rest of the urine is returned to the toilet.
The collection container is taken clean, and dry. The material is delivered to the laboratory for 1.5 hours so that the result is not distorted.
Due to the daily analysis of urine, the degree of severity of glucosuria and the severity of the disease are determined.
The first part of the material after waking up is not taken into account, starting with the second, they are collected in large containers, which are stored in the refrigerator for one day.
Urine is shaken in the morning, for the same value of the total amount. About 200 ml is then poured into the analysis container and sent for testing.
Other tests for suspected diabetes will be prescribed.
Additional methods
For the in-depth diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and if there is any doubt in the diagnosis, the following tests are performed:
antibodies to pancreatic beta cells are detected for early diagnosis or to calculate predisposition to form 1 disease;
sugar antibodies are found in patients with type 1 and in prediabetes;
determine the marker - antibodies to GAD, which is a specific protein, antibodies to it are 5 years before the onset of pathology.
If pathology is suspected, diabetes tests are given as early as possible so that complications do not develop.
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