The right diet for diabetic nephropathy
With insulin therapy, it is important not to exceed the daily dose of carbohydrates (300 g), and distribute it evenly over meals. In other types of disease, it is also advisable to use low glycemic index carbohydrate foods on the menu.
Products that contain animal saturated fats (pork, beef fat, goose, farms, fats) are excluded from the diet as much as possible. Vegetable oil and fish oil can be a source of fat.
Regular consumption of oily fish with nephropathy has the following effects:
- slows the number of functional nephrons;
- improves renal blood flow, vascular permeability, and blood flow;
- able to reduce the process of kidney folding;
- lowers blood pressure.
In addition to nephropathy in diabetics, a normal diet containing 1.5 g of protein per 1 kg of body weight results in a considerable loss in renal function. When you eat meat meals, renal disease progresses quickly, before patients are connected to artificial blood purification equipment (hemodialysis). Reduced meat consumption also helps to lower cholesterol levels.
- with microalbuminuria, protein is limited to 1 g / kg;
- when proteinuria is reduced to 0.7 g / kg, it helps reduce protein excretion in the urine, preserving urine filtration;
- with renal failure - up to 0.5-0.3 g / kg, to prevent protein starvation, mixtures with essential amino acids (in a dropper) are additionally prescribed.
Drops for amino acids
At high pressure and edema, up to 2.5 g of salt per day is allowed. In practice, patients not only cannot add food but also switch to products with a minimum amount:
- brown rice, oatmeal;
- cabbage, cucumbers, zucchini;
- zander, pike;
- second-rate bread without salt.
With nephropathy, the concentration of potassium in the blood increases, and insulin deficiency and impaired renal function are involved in its increase. When an infection, injury, or high fever is displayed, excess potassium can reach critical values.
Not recommended for use in the diet due to illness:
- any meat soup, jelly;
- industrial sauces, juices, canned goods, beverages with gas, sugar, paints;
- pickles, marinades, sausages, spicy cheese;
- mustard, horseradish, garlic, raw onion, sorrel, daikon, radish, mushrooms;
- strong tea, cocoa, and chocolate;
- cooking oil, fatty meat, margarine;
- alcohol;
- sodium mineral water.
Enabled menu inclusion:
- vegetarian soup with sour cream, and herbs;
- boiled, mashed, stuffed, or baked fish only after boiling. The menu includes 60 g on days when there is no meat;
- no more than one egg instead of fish or meat;
- cereals: brown, red, or black rice, sago, pearl barley, buckwheat. Prepare durum wheat pasta dishes no more than 2 times a week. It is recommended that they be a little submissive and eat chilled;
- all vegetables are allowed, but with type 2 diabetes, potatoes, beets, and boiled carrots are limited. Be sure to eat a salad of fresh cucumbers, cabbage, tomatoes, and lettuce once a day;
- use cheese with a maximum of 9% fat 50 g per day, sour milk drinks - 100 ml of homemade or store-bought without additives, cream and sour cream - no more than 3 tablespoons in dishes;
- soy substitute for meat and tofu cheese;
- fruits and berries: blueberries, apples, black currants, cranberries;
- drinks: weak tea, coffee, chicory, the decoction of dried berries;
- vegetable oil 30 g per day for cooking.
Example menu for diabetic nephropathy:
- at 8 o'clock for breakfast, oatmeal porridge with flax seeds and blueberries, rooibos or currant tea;
- at 10 a.m. for lunch, pumpkin bowl with rice, chicory;
- at 2 pm for lunch vegetable soup with herbs and carpet, tofu and tomato salad with basil;
- at 4 pm for a midnight snack of 50 g of cottage cheese with sugar-free apricot jam, and wild rose soup;
- at 7 pm for dinner, peppers stuffed with vegetables, unsalted bread with hummus or bean paste;
- before going to bed 100 ml of kefir with a teaspoon of bran.
Read more in our article How To Treat Type 1 Diabetes With Proper Nutrition
Dietary features for renal nephropathy and diabetes
Principles of building a diet with kidney damage:
- exclusion of sugar and white flour products, and other products with high glycemic index. The latter is especially important in type 2 disease;
- restriction of cholesterol-containing foods;
- reduction of sodium chloride in the diet, correction of potassium, and phosphorus;
- strictly dosed amount of protein.
And here’s more about the diet for type 2 diabetes.
carbohydrates
Recommendations for carbohydrate foods are consistent with basic dietary approaches in uncomplicated diabetes. With insulin therapy, it is important not to exceed the daily dose (300 g), to distribute it evenly over meals, and not to use sugar, white flour, and all dishes with their contents. In other types of disease, it is also advisable to use low glycemic index carbohydrate foods on the menu.
Violation of renal filtration capacity leads to even greater changes in the blood lipid spectrum. With the development of nephropathy, the progression of atherosclerosis accelerates.
Therefore, foods containing animal saturated fats (pork, beef fat, goose, farmed meat, fat) are excluded from the diet as much as possible. Vegetable oil and fish oil can be a source of fat.
Foods that contain animal saturated fats
Recent research has shown that a regular diet of fatty fish (taking into account the protein and cholesterol levels in it) has the following impacts on nephropathy:
- slows the number of functional nephrons;
- improves renal blood flow, vascular permeability, and blood flow;
- able to reduce the process of kidney folding (removes the deposition of fibrin fibers);
- lowers blood pressure.
Fatty fish
Protein
In addition to nephropathy in diabetics, a normal diet containing 1.5 g of protein per 1 kg of body weight results in a considerable loss in renal function.
When you eat meat dishes, kidney failure increases rapidly, before there is a need to connect patients to devices for artificial blood purification (hemodialysis). Reducing meat in your diet helps to reduce cholesterol intake at the same time.
Vegetable Soup
In the phase of minimal protein loss in urine, sodium chloride should not exceed 6 g in meals. That means excluding all cucumbers, marinades, canned food, sausages, salted cheese, and snacks. Food is prepared without salt, and a coffee spoon without a top is given to the finished dish.
At high pressure and edema, up to 2.5 g of salt per day is allowed. In practice, patients not only cannot add food but also switch to products that initially contain them in a minimal amount:
- brown rice, oatmeal;
- cabbage, cucumbers, zucchini;
- Zander, pike;
- second-rate bread without salt.
Brown rice
Potassium
With nephropathy, the concentration of potassium in the blood increases, and insulin deficiency and impaired renal function are involved in its increase. When an infection, injury, or fever occurs, excess potassium can reach critical values.
Therefore, products with a high concentration of this trace element are banned - dried fruits, nuts, potatoes, spinach, bananas, black currants, and mulberries. Recommended dishes are pumpkin, white cabbage, blueberries, blueberries, cucumbers, and peppers.
Calcium and phosphorus
As renal failure progresses, the calcium content decreases and phosphates in the blood increase. To correct these disorders, it is important to include cottage cheese, sour milk drinks, and celery on the menu. Cut down on cabbage, nuts, and mushrooms to reduce phosphate intake from food.
List of prohibited and permitted products
Not recommended for use in the diet due to illness:
- sugar, all confectionery, including sweeteners, if they contain white flour, molasses, maltodextrin, honey;
- any meat soup, jelly;
- industrial sauces, juices, canned goods, beverages with gas, sugar, paints;
- pickles, marinades, sausages, spicy cheese;
- mustard, horseradish, garlic, raw onion, sorrel, daikon, radish, mushrooms;
- strong tea, cocoa, and chocolate;
- cooking oil, fatty meat, margarine;
- alcohol;
- sodium mineral water.
Prohibited foods include meat, fish, and mushroom soups.
Enabled menu inclusion:
- vegetarian soup with sour cream, and herbs;
- lean meat of chicken, rabbit, and turkey is first cooked and then roasted or stewed with vegetables. The soup must be drained, it is not even used for the sauce. Meat dishes can be eaten no more than 3 times a week, 100 g per day;
- boiled, mashed, stuffed, or baked fish is eaten only after boiling. The menu includes 60 g on days when there is no meat;
- no more than one egg instead of fish or meat;
- cereals: brown, red, or black rice, sago, pearl barley, buckwheat. Prepare durum wheat pasta dishes no more than 2 times a week. It is recommended to overcook and cool slightly to reduce the glycemic index;
- cottage cheese is not more than 9% fat content of 50 g per day, sour milk drinks - 100 ml of homemade or store-bought without additives, cream and sour cream - no more than 3 tablespoons in dishes;
- soy products - a substitute for meat and tofu cheese;
- fruits and berries: blueberries, apples, black currants, cranberries;
- drinks: weak tea, coffee, chicory, from dried berries;
- vegetable oil 30 g per day for cooking.
- Menu for diabetic nephropathy
It is recommended to be vegetarian at least one day a week:
- at 10 a.m. a second pumpkin breakfast with a spoonful of rice, chicory;
- at 2 pm for lunch vegetable soup with herbs and carpet, tofu and tomato salad with basil;
- at 7 pm for dinner, peppers stuffed with vegetables, unsalted bread with hummus or bean paste;
- before going to bed drink 100 ml of kefir with a teaspoon of bran.
And here’s more about urine analysis for diabetes.
A diet for diabetic nephropathy is built taking into account the exclusion of simple carbohydrates, restriction of cholesterol, protein, and sodium chloride. All spicy, fatty, and salty foods are forbidden. Vegetables, cereals, vegetarian first meals, fruits, and berries are recommended.
Dairy products are included in small quantities. Meat or fish are allowed at least once a day in a row. If the electrolyte content in the blood is violated, additional settings must be made in the menu.
Diet for kidney failure and diabetes: a menu for the week, how to protect the kidneys
Kidney failure is a dangerous condition caused by impaired kidney function. It is accompanied by a change in water-electrolyte balance and an increase in intoxication.
The diet for renal failure is aimed at restoring kidney function and maximizing the elimination of nitrogenous constituents, toxins, and protein breakdown. With this disease, you need to adhere to treatment table no. 7 according to Pevzner.
Depending on the symptoms, different dietary options are used - Table no. 7A or no. 7B.
Important dietary requirements for kidney failure
Renal dysfunction is triggered by various causes. Improper treatment leads to life-threatening complications and irreversible reduction in urinary system performance. Diet stops the progression of the disease.
The main goals of the diet for kidney failure:
- creating favorable conditions for kidney function;
- restoration of the exchange of organic and inorganic substances;
- removing excess fluid from the body;
- removal of nitrogen components from the blood.
Table no. 7 - fortified low-protein diet for renal failure with reduced protein and sodium chloride intake, intended for people with renal failure. The characteristics of the diet largely depend on the degree of organ dysfunction. However, the general principles of nutrition remain unchanged in both acute and slow insufficiency.
Diet facilitates the work of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and organs of the cardiovascular system. Reducing the signs of intoxication and restoring diuresis is the main effect of treatment table no. 7.
Key principles of nutrition:
- Reduction of protein in the diet. Excessive protein intake leads to the accumulation of nitrogenous substances that poison the body. In case of insufficiency, the daily volume of protein is reduced to 60 g.
- Rejection of salts and potassium. With a decrease in diuresis, the amount of salt decreases to 1-2 g / day. This prevents the accumulation of fluid in the tissues, and swelling of the limbs and face. In addition, foods containing potassium are limited - dried fruits, nuts, parsley, legumes, etc. A calcium-free diet reduces the burden on the kidneys and stimulates the tubular system.
- Cooking methods. All types of heat treatment of the product are allowed. But in acute kidney failure, stewed and cooked foods should be the basis of the diet.
During the period of cessation of diuresis, fluid intake should be reduced to 400-500 ml per day. With the improvement of well-being, its volume increases to 1.5-2 liters. Previously forbidden food is included in the diet while recovering.
What you can and can’t eat with kidney failure
Dishes from Table 7 are prepared without table salt. Fresh fruits and vegetables are added to the diet due to kidney failure, which assists digestion.
To reduce the burden on the detoxification organs, eat small meals at least 4-5 times a day. A fractional diet prevents constipation, which only worsens kidney failure.
By increasing intoxication, they limit as much as possible:
- animal proteins that increase the absorption of nitrogen components into the blood;
- sodium - prevents the elimination of fluid;
- phosphorus - stimulates the secretion of calcium, which increases the risk of osteoporosis.
Patients with renal failure may consume carbohydrates and fats. But to prevent a violation of lipid metabolism, you should take a blood test for cholesterol levels once every 2-3 weeks.
Following a low-protein diet prevents kidney failure from becoming chronic. This reduces the risk of life complications - uremia and coma.
Allowed and forbidden foods with kidney failure:
Basics of clinical nutrition
The specialized diet for kidney failure is called medical diet number 7 (table according to Pevzner). The goal is:
Reducing the amount of protein consumed to 40-60 grams per day In a large number of protein products in the body have a toxic effect and "burden" the kidneys with unnecessary work.
Providing a person with all the nutrients This happens mainly thanks to dairy and plant foods rich in fats, carbohydrates, and easily digestible proteins. Limiting salt to 1 g / day salt can retain water in the bloodstream.
Drinking regimen agreed with the doctor A patient with renal failure may need to limit fluid intake to 1.0-1.2 liters per day.
What can I eat with kidney failure? Among the permitted products are:
- cereals: rice, buckwheat, sago;
- unleavened bread;
- light soups on vegetable broth;
- lean meat (chicken breast, turkey, rabbit, veal);
- fish;
- seasonal vegetables (carrots, beets, potatoes, pumpkins, beets, tomatoes), greens;
- eggs (not more than one per day);
- processed fruits in the form of jams, jams, jellies, mousses, etc.
Prohibited due to illness:
- any type of alcohol;
- strong coffee, tea, cocoa, hot chocolate;
- excessively salty foods, pickled vegetables;
- mushroom;
- foods rich in saturated fatty acids and trans fats (pork and beef fat, kidneys, brain, tongue, and other farms, margarine, cooking oil);
- vegetables and fruits that cause increased gas production in the intestines (cabbage, spinach, peas, beans and other legumes, bananas, apricots);
- canned food and sausages.
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