Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic illness caused by hereditary and environmental factors that result in abnormally high blood glucose levels. sugar in a public disease known in history as the last Diabetes mellitus is one of the oldest diseases. Diabetes mellitus first appears in ancient Egyptian inscriptions. The disease is referred to as Sweet liquid, Diabetes mellitus, which means that the urine of diabetes patients is sweet in the inscriptions.
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Sugar is a good source of energy for the body and is taken into the cells at the end of a complex metabolic process. In healthy people, the sugar taken through food is transported to the cells and used as an energy source, while in diabetics this mechanism does not work properly, causing blood sugar to rise.
Diabetes mellitus, Type 1 diabetes, and Type 2 diabetes, among others There are two major categories. Aside from these two primary categories, the illness has subtypes. Although the reason for the emergence of each of these groups is different, the basic problem they all create is the same.
The following are some scientific research on the disease's diagnosis, treatment, and preventative measures, and the results of these studies about Type 2 Diabetes, which will be of interest to many people. Before moving on to these studies, it is useful to mention a few general information about Type 2 Diabetes in order to refresh the memories.
What is type-2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease that results in an increase in blood sugar levels in the body as a result of insufficient production of insulin produced by the pancreas. In the long term, the disease causes irreversible permanent damage to many organs, especially blood vessels and nerves. Some of these hazards include heart attacks, strokes, renal failure, retinal impairment, and erectile dysfunction.
Type 2 diabetes is not only seen in the elderly?
In the past, Type 2 diabetes was called the disease of old age. Indeed, Type 2 diabetes used to be a disease that was rarely seen among the young but mostly seen in the elderly. Today, additives used in ready-to-eat foods, a sedentary life, excessive weight gain, and environmental factors cause the metabolism of young people and children to deteriorate very early. This causes the rapid spread of other metabolic diseases, especially Type 2 diabetes, among young people and children.
IDF
Statistical studies show that only about a quarter of the young population in the United States has early signs of diabetes.
According to the data of the 6th Diabetes Atlas of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), one out of every eleven adults in the world has diabetes. According to the same organization's estimates, there are roughly 415 million diabetes patients worldwide.
Although statistics by the Ministry of Health show that there are more than seven million diabetics, the actual number is estimated to be much higher.
Some of his work in 2015 and 2016
The common result of research for type 2 diabetes indicates that the disease is caused by genetic predisposition and wrong lifestyle. In other words, epigenetic factors play an important role in the emergence of the disease. While the causes of the disease are explained below, the subject of Epigenetics is also mentioned.
Exercise lowers type 2 diabetes
Physical exercise reduces the risk of Type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity: A study by the German Diabetes Research Center (DZD) shows that a molecule called TGFß becomes active especially in muscle cells and lowers blood sugar while doing sports.
What TGFß does: TGFß suppresses genes that play a negative role in glucose and fat burning and reduces insulin sensitivity, thereby increasing insulin sensitivity and thus balancing blood sugar. Note: One-fifth of the participants in the study did not have this positive effect of sports.
A similar study showing that muscle exercises reduce the risk of Diabetes 2 in men was published in 2012 in the journal Jama Intern Med.
Is Type 2 Diabetes Hereditary?
Is type 2 diabetes an inherited disease or a lifestyle disease? Although it is not possible to say yes or no to this question unequivocally, many studies show that environmental factors and lifestyle play an important role in the emergence of the disease, as well as genetic mutations. While both genetic studies and epigenetic studies are continuing rapidly, the article published in the issue of Nature magazine on 04 August 2016 draws attention to some mutations that play a role in the disease.
In a 2ndcomparative genetic study of 120,000 healthy and Type 2 diabetic individuals from South and East Asia, America, and Africa, it was determined that there were 126 significant variants in some parts of the genes of 15,700 individuals, and these variants were in the TCF7L2, ADCY5, CCND2, and EML4 genes, which were also associated with diabetes. was done.
Epigenetics is an important factor: As mentioned above, although genetic mutations play a role in the emergence of the disease, studies show that genetic mutations are not the only cause, but epigenetic factors are the main determinant in the emergence of the problem. In other words, Type 2 diabetes occurs as a result of lifestyle and environmental factors promoting or suppressing the work of the mutated gene, or it does not occur for life. In this context, it is important to eat healthily, exercise regularly, and keep body weight within healthy limits.Note: In another genetic study called Genomweiten Assoziationsstudien (GWAS), which was conducted with 90,000 people, the presence of these variants in the genes was also detected.
Obesity poses a risk for Type 2 diabetes (belly, waist and hip fat creates different risks)
Undoubtedly, obesity plays an important role in the emergence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, but what is more important than obesity in the emergence of Type 2 diabetes is the concentration of excess weight in which part of the body.
According to lubrication and body shape3
- Apple body Type: Abdominal fat type. This type of lubrication poses a risk for diabetes because it causes lubrication of the internal organs.
- Pear Body Type: Hip region fattening type. This type of lubrication, it does not pose a risk for diabetes since the oils are concentrated under the skin.
The concentration of excess weight in different parts of the body such as the waist, hips, or belly also affects the number of metabolites (organic compounds) in the blood. For example, the accumulation of excess weight in the waist region in women changes the amount of 21 metabolites in the blood.
- The analyzes show that women with low blood Lecithin have more lubrication in the waist area, while women with high levels of Lecithin in their blood have fat in the hip area. In other words, the presence of excess lecithin in the blood indicates the presence of diabetes risk.
- The accumulation of excess weight in the belly area in men indicates that there is a higher risk of diabetes. In men, hip fat does not mean much for diabetes risk.
Fatty foods increase the risk of type 2 diabetes
Fatty foods are thought to be calorie-rich foods and keep you full for a long time after being eaten. Is that really the case?
Research by Jens Brüning from the University of Cologne shows that this is not the case, on the contrary, at the end of the third day, the brain of rats fed high-fat foods are depleted of sugar sources and immediately alarms for sugar intake.
Why the need for sugar is increasing along with the intake of fatty foods ?: exceed the needs of a healthy human brain candy before this issue of how to meet that k I need recounts hair. Sugar is a good energy source of all cells with vital energy and good output of sugar to need I had I run, and the importance of glucose to the brain cells is even greater. Sugar taken from food is transported to brain cells by means of special molecules.
How sugar is taken into the brain: In healthy people, when the brain is without energy, it immediately reacts 4and looks for a way to provide energy. For this, the growth factor VEGF is activated by the immune system, and a command is given to form special sugar carrier molecules called GLUT-1. The newly formed GLUT-1 (Glucosetransporter) molecules take sugar from the blood and transport it to the brain. This process has two vital importance. The first is to reduce the sugar in the blood to the normal level, and the second is to meet the energy needs of the cells with sugar.
Fatty foods prevent sugar intake: saturated free fatty acids found in fatty foods, the blood-brain barrier reduces the amount of sugar which GLUT-1 protein. This, in turn, causes the sugar to stay in the blood, causing blood sugar to rise, and at the same time, the brain is alarmed by remaining sugar-free ( 4 ). While the brain commands the body to take sugar, on the other hand, saturated free fatty acids prevent sugar from reaching the cells, leading to Type 2 Diabetes.
In conclusion, we can say that: Eating high-fat foods for a long time causes some negativities in metabolism and this increases the risk of diabetes 2.
A positive effect of hunger on Type 2 diabetes
What happens if you starve at the molecular level?
In recent years, in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders, research-oriented intermittent fasting (Intermittent fasting) applied a method called.
Intermittent fasting mode and positive effect of GADD45β protein on Type 2 diabetes
The GADD45β protein 5is an important protein encoded by the GADD45β gene located on chromosome 19 and controls the uptake of fatty acids to the liver. It was discovered that GADD45β has another function besides this known task.
In a study conducted jointly by the German Diabetes Research Center (DZD) and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), it was investigated whether GADD45β protein has an effect on Type 2 diabetes, and it was discovered that GADD45β has a positive function that is good for Type 2 diabetes, apart from its known function.
What is this new function: Metabolism With the intermittent fasting mode, the body promptly commands to produce more GADD45β, and the produced GADD45β ensures that the liver is less fat, and brings blood sugar to a normal level.
Conclusion
- Intermittent fasting mode stimulates the activity of the relevant gene, causing more GADD45β protein to be produced. This helps regulate blood sugar and also prevents fatty liver disease.
- Overeating causes less GADD45β protein to be produced by blocking the operation of the relevant gene. Naturally, this is undesirable. Because blood sugar rises, the liver becomes fatty.
Red meat raises the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Numerous studies have found that eating red meat increases the chance of developing Type 2 diabetes. One of these studies is a large-scale study by the German Diabetes Research Center (DZD), covering 27,500 people over many years. The results of this research conducted by DZD show that the risk of Type 2 diabetes increases by 80% in those who consume 150 grams of red meat (beef, lamb, or pork) daily.
A negative effect of red meat on metabolism
Analyzes of 2681 people who eat red meat and also have Type 2 Diabetes show that these people have high levels of ferritin, low amounts of glycine, and high amounts of four different fats in their blood.
What does it mean?
- Increasing ferritin and decreasing glycine cause chain reactions in the body on the way to Type 2 diabetes.
- Excess ferritin causes oxidative stress in the cell. This means that free radicals increase in the body, which is a negative situation for the body.
- Glycine is a protein that purifies the body from harmful substances. Iron compounds formed by oxidative stress are excreted from the body thanks to Glycine. Meat consumption causes a decrease in glycine and an increase in iron compounds in the body.
Increasing iron compounds cause inflammatory reactions, and inflammatory reactions lead to the onset of Type 2 diabetes.
Mistakes in the family's lifestyle can make the unborn child diabetic.
A family that is not genetically at risk of diabetes may cause their children to be born with diabetes due to epigenetic reasons (with the effect of the environment on genes). The issue has been clarified by a study conducted at the Helmholtz Zentrum München (DZD) .7
For a better understanding of the research, it is useful to explain the method applied step by step.
- First, a sperm cell was taken from a healthy male mouse and this sperm cell was fertilized in a tube with an egg cell from a healthy female. (Vitro-Fertilisation)
- The same male mouse was made obese by feeding on very fatty foods for a while, and after the mouse was made obese, the sperm cell was taken again and fertilized in the tube with another egg cell taken from the same female.
- The first and second fertilized eggs were transferred to the womb of two genetically identical female mice.
Conclusion: Although the two puppies were genetically identical, the first pup was healthy and the second pup was obese. In the blood analysis, the blood sugar of the first pup was normal, while the second pup was found to have Type 2 diabetes.
Question: What changed in the gene of the second mouse to become obese? More precisely, 8how the epigenetic factor changed the father's gene.
Answer: Actually, there was no change in the gene sequence of the father, only because of the high-fat foods, a Methyl Group was attached to the related gene of the father to stimulate the gene to overwork, and this Methyl Group gene of the father was passed on to the offspring and the offspring was born obese.
In conclusion, we can say that the lifestyle of the parents determines the quality of the genes. The children of parents who live healthily, eat healthily and do sports have a high chance of being born healthy. If the parents smoke, use alcohol, lead a sedentary and stressful life, live in unhealthy conditions, there is a high probability that their children will be born unhealthy, even if they are genetically sound.
The relationship between intestinal flora and Type 2 Diabetes
Many studies show that there are differences between the intestinal flora and intestinal hormones of Type 2 Diabetes patients and normal people. Below are three valuable studies on this subject.
1- Research: “Isomaltulose Sugar” is better for type 2 diabetes patients
The research conducted by the German Diabetes Research Center (DZD) shows that it would be more appropriate for Type 2 diabetes patients to use Disaccharide isomaltulose (Palatinose) instead of regular sugar.
This positive effect of isomaltulose is due to the fact that it causes changes in the release of two hormones called GLP-1 and GIP, which work in the intestines and regulate the body's insulin economy.
While isomaltulose sugar increases the amount of insulin, it lowers blood sugar
In this study conducted with 10 adults with type 2 diabetes, 50 g of isomaltulose was given to some of the patients and 50 g of white sugar to the other part. After a while, blood analysis showed that subjects given isomaltulose had 20% less sugar and 55% more insulin in their blood. In addition, in the measurements made in the intestines, it was found that the amount of GIP was less and the amount of GLP-1 was higher in the subjects given Isomaltulose compared to those in the other group.
Both sugars are sweet and have roughly the same calories, but differences in chemical structures 9cause them to be crushed differently in the intestines. While normal sugar is absorbed quickly in the intestines, isomaltulose stays longer due to its structure.
Conclusion: This research clearly shows that Type 2 diabetes patients would be better off consuming isomaltulose sugar instead of consuming regular sugar.
2- Research: Insulin regulating effect of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri
Another study showing that Type 2 Diabetes is related to intestinal flora is the research conducted by the German Diabetes Center in Düsseldorf. In this research, daily use of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri increases GLP-1 and GLP-2 hormones in the intestines, especially after meals, depending on whether blood sugar is high or low. And this increase causes insulin production to rise from 49%.
What are probiotics?
Probiotics are the general name of natural friendly bacteria and yeasts that work in the human body, especially in the intestines, and regulate the intestinal flora. Lactobacillus Reuters, on the other hand, is a natural bacterium included in this group and found in the human body from birth and even in breast milk. Lactobacillus reuteri also fights against harmful pathogens in the body.
Since probiotics are found in foods such as yogurt, cheese, kefir, dark chocolate, buttermilk, goat's milk, it is possible to get these bacteria from outside by consuming these foods.
In conclusion, this research shows that drugs prepared with Lactobacillus reuteri can treat Type 2 diabetes or at least reduce blood sugar significantly in these patients.
3- Research: It may be possible to detect the risk of type 2 diabetes in advance!
Above, I also was also noted ÄŸ many studies show that I like different intestinal flora of patients with Type 2 diabetes in healthy people. This know g I light of the type 2 diabetes than not 10starting that person has not're healthy gut other criteria in bacteria type or number or intestinal flora in flora Can give a hint about whether the risk of that person?
The answer to exactly this question was sought in the research conducted by the Munich German Diabetes Center. Let's just say, the answer was found, but the research was done with a small group of people with gestational diabetes, so it's too early to say anything definitive for now. Because a series of studies with large groups are needed to confirm the results once again.
What was found notable in this research?
Results from this study show that a family of bacteria called Prevotellaceae is on the rise in the gut of people at risk. The enzyme produced by this bacterium reduces the barrier function of the intestine by damaging the protective mucus layer on the surface of the bacteria. This leads to inflammation, which leads to a decrease in insulin sensitivity and, therefore, to an increase in blood sugar.
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